X-Ray Diffraction ( XRD)
X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) is a non-destructive technique for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the crystalline materials in the form of powder or solid.
GNR in cooperation with academic and industrial users has developed a set of technically advanced and flexible diffractometers able to satisfy different level of requirements and different operating budget.
How XRD works …
XRD is obtained as the “reflection” of an X-ray beam from a family of parallel and equally spaced atomic planes, following the Bragg’s law: when a monochromatic X-ray beam with wavelength l is incident on lattice planes with an angle q, diffraction occurs if the path of rays reflected by successive planes (with distance d) is a multiple of the wavelength.
Qualitative analysis (phase analysis) can be done through the comparison of the diffractogram obtained from the specimen with a huge number of patterns included in the official databases. Single phases and/or mixtures of phases can be analysed with the programs available today.
Applications of XRD
Many Investigations can be performed with the help of X-ray diffraction.
Residual Stress forces that results in a small compression or dilatation of the d-spacing. With XRD it is possible to measure the strain (the deformation of the original lattice) and the stress is calculated based on the elastic constants of the material
Texture is the preferred orientation of the crystallites in a specimen. If a texture in a material is present, the intensity of a diffraction line changes with the orientation of the sample with respect to the incident beam.
Crystallite size and Micro Strain information is obtained by the analysis of the width and the shape of the diffraction lines.
Structure Analysis XRD is used to investigate the crystallographic structure of a material. The position and the relative intensities of the diffraction lines can be correlated to the position of the atoms in the unit cell and its dimensions. Indexing, structure refinement and simulation can be obtained with specific computer programs.
Thin film Keeping the incident beam at low angles, it is possible to investigate the properties of multilayers by minimising the interference of the substrate. Reflectometry can also be performed the same way.
